What is the primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

The primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system is to transport food to the stomach. Once food is chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a bolus that is swallowed. The esophagus serves as a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach, using peristaltic movements—coordinated contractions of the muscles in its wall—to push the bolus down toward the stomach. This process is essential in moving food from the mouth where it is initially processed to the stomach where digestion continues.

In contrast, the esophagus does not absorb nutrients; that process occurs primarily in the small intestine. Additionally, it does not break down food through enzymatic action, as this function is performed by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine. The esophagus also does not store food; rather, any food that enters the esophagus is immediately propelled toward the stomach for digestion. Thus, the function of transporting food to the stomach is crucial for ensuring proper food processing and nutrient absorption in the later stages of digestion.